Robert Havell, Jr (1793–1878) United States, painter, engraver. American painter and engraver Havell, Jr. learned engraving from his father, who was also an artist. Havell produced many of the engravings for John James Audubon’s Birds of America. He also painted in a style reminiscent of the Hudson River School, featuring the landscapes of the Northeast.

Barbara Hepworth (1903–1975) Great Britain, sculptor. British sculptor Barbara Hepworth, 1903–1975, attended the Leeds School of Art and the Royal College of London. She carved abstract biomorphic sculptures from stone or wood, often creating apertures through the forms and adding string or wire. Later in her career, Hepworth made larger sculptures cast in bronze. Along with her friend, Henry Moore, and her husband, Ben Nicholson, Hepworth is considered one of Great Britain’s most important twentieth-century abstract artists.

Ando Hiroshige (1797–1858) Japan, printmaker. Japanese Artist Ando Hiroshige was associated with the ukiyo-e movement. Ukiyo-e is Japanese for “pictures of the floating world” and refers to subjects preferred by printmakers in Japan from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries. These subjects included everyday customs and fashions, travel scenes, geisha, and theater actors. The strong, flat design in the prints of Hiroshige and his contemporaries were admired by leading nineteenth-century European artists and influenced their work.

Kano Hogai (1828–1888) Japan, painter. Japanese painter Kano Hogai, 1828–1888, painted in the Kano school style also practiced by his father. Kano school painting adopted elements of traditional Chinese painting, including a monochromatic palette and expressive brushstrokes. Hogai is known for merging Kano school painting with elements of Western painting such as linear perspective and using shadows to model three-dimensional forms.

Sakai Hoitsu (1761–1828) Japan, painter, printmaker. Japanese painter and printmaker Sakai Hoitsu, 1761–1828, painted in the rinpa style. Rinpa was first popularized in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and was revived by Hoitsu. Rinpa painting features decorative motifs, repeated patterns, and bright colors. Hoitsu’s subjects often included birds, flowers, and scenes from the four seasons. He is known for his use of naturalistic detail.

R42 RefeRence Artist Biographies

Winslow Homer (1836–1910) United States, illustrator, painter. Even at a young age, Homer knew he wanted to become an artist. Mostly self-taught, he began his professional career as an illustrator. After the Civil War, he started to paint. Homer’s paintings often depict young people, leisure activities, and life along the seacoast. He was also the first American artist to use watercolors to create finished works of art.

Edward Hopper (1882–1967) United States, illustrator, painter. American realist painter Hopper initially worked as an illustrator before turning to painting. He painted interiors and landscapes in both watercolor and oil, focusing on New York City and Cape Cod, Massachusetts, for much of his subject matter. Hopper’s paintings can seem desolate. The figures, shown either singly or in pairs, are often expressionless. Hopper had a particular interest in representing American architecture in his work.

Oscar Howe (1915–1983) United States, painter. Yanktonai painter Oscar Howe, was born on the Crow Creek Indian Reservation in South Dakota. He studied at the Santa Fe Indian School, Dakota Wesleyan University, and the University of Oklahoma. Howe’s painting uses a flat, graphic style to depict images from the history, culture, and legends of the Yanktonai.

Lynne Hull United States, environmental artist. Lynne Hull, an Environmental Artist, lives in Colorado. Hull likes to collaborate with wildlife experts, landscape architects and others to create artworks that provide shelter, water, food and space for nature’s creatures. She likes to make art that helps people become aware of environmental problems.

Peter Hurd (1904–1984) United States, painter. American painter Peter Hurd, 1904–1984, attended West Point before enrolling at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts to pursue a career in painting. He also studied with illustrator N. C. Wyeth. In addition to portraits and public murals, Hurd’s watercolors, egg tempera paintings, and lithographs primarily focused on the landscape of his native New Mexico. Hurd painted the official White House portrait of President Lyndon B. Johnson.

Robert Indiana (1928–) United States, painter, sculptor, graphic artist. American painter, sculptor, and graphic artist Indiana created works in the Pop Art style. Many works incorporate letters and common images from billboards and traffic signs. His images are usually painted with bright, clear colors and well-defined edges. He has also worked on poster designs and uses a variety of two- and three-dimensional media.

Jean-August-Dominique Ingres (1780–1867) France, painter, draftsman. French painter and draftsman Ingres worked in the Neoclassical style. He trained in the studio of history painter Jacques-Louis David. Ingres made portraits and history paintings, often obsessively reworking a painting or drawing many times. He is particularly known for his subtle renderings of skin tones and fabrics.

Luis Jimenez (1940–2006) United States, sculptor. Sculptor Luis Jimenez, 1940–2006, attended the University of Texas in his home state, studying art and architecture. As a child, he spent time in his father’s sign shop, where he learned spray painting and welding techniques. Jimenez finished his large-scale fiberglass sculpture with spray paint or industrial paint. His work features Hispanic and Native American figures as well as motifs from the American Southwest.

Mildred Johnstone United States, stitching. American artist Mildred Johnstone began making needlepoint tapestries in the late 1940s after touring the Bethlehem Steel plant in Pennsylvania where her husband was a vice president. Johnstone worked with other artists to design her tapestries, which she then stitched. Johnstone was also interested in other forms of art, including modern dance and the Japanese tea ceremony.

Roy J. Joroleman United States, designer. United States rural mail delivery began in 1902. Postal customers initially used any convenient receptacle to collect their mail. In 1915, engineer Roy J. Joroleman designed the now-standard “tunnel” mailbox with a pull-down door in the front and a moveable flag on the side.

Frida Kahlo (1907–1954) Mexico, painter. Mexican artist Kahlo turned to painting as she recovered from serious injuries sustained in an accident. She painted portraits and self-portraits, often with surrealist overtones. Kahlo and her husband Diego Rivera were leaders in the Mexican modernism movement that combined elements of modern art and indigenous art with nationalist politics. Kahlo often included symbols in her self-portraits as a way to convey her emotions about difficulties she faced in her life.

Hans Keller (200s to the early 300s CE) Asia Minor. St. George lived in Asia Minor (modern Turkey) from the late 200s to the early 300s CE. According to legend, he was a Roman soldier who famously slew a dragon who was terrorizing a local village. The villagers offered the dragon a daily human sacrifice to appease him. George killed the dragon to prevent the beast from devouring the princess. The image of St. George wearing armor as he slays the dragon is widespread throughout Western art history, both in painting and in sculpture.